Five keys to improving research costing and pricing in low- and middle-income countries
An ESSENCE good practice document

Overview
As the requirements for access to research funding increase, the competitiveness and compliance of research organizations has to improve. In this good practice document, we aim to provide clear guidelines and practical tips on improving research costing and pricing.
Based on feedback obtained from users of the first edition, we have changed the order of the keys, cited some new references and added some ‘notes from the field’. These notes are drawn from responses to a survey as well as a series of consultations and focus-group meetings we conducted.
In the Five Keys, we focus specifically on research costing and pricing for research institutions in LMICs and their funders. We outline some of the challenges involved in research costing and offer recommendations for addressing these.